WRClarkWebsite
About the Author

William R. Clark

CURRICULUM VITAE
Education
B.S. 1963 UCLA Zoology
M.S. 1965 University of Illinois Chemistry
Ph.D. 1968 University of Washington Biochemistry

Positions held
July, 1994 - Professor and Chair, emeritus, UCLA
Feb-April, 1997 Michaels Visiting Professor Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
July, 1989 - June, 1996 Chair, Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, UCLA
July, 1978 - June, 1994 Professor of Immunology, UCLA
July, 1972 - June, 1994 Member, Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA
July, 1983 - June, 1984 Visiting Scholar, INSERM/CNRS, Marseille
July, 1978 - June, 1989 Associate Director, Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA
July, 1977 - June, 1978 Visiting Scholar, Stanford University
July, 1975 - June, 1988 Head, Parvin Cancer Research Laboratories, UCLA
July, 1975 - June, 1978 Assistant Director, UCLA Cancer Center
July, 1974 - June, 1978 Associate Professor of Immunology, UCLA
July, 1970 - June, 1974 Assistant Professor of Immunology, UCLA

Honors and Awards
NIH Career Development Award, 1975-1980

Professional Societies
American Association of Immunologists
Biophysical Society
Transplantation Society
New York Academy of Sciences

Professional Presentations Since 1996

10/23/96                Halifax, Nova Scotia                     "The Role of Cytotoxic Pathways in

                              Canadian Transplant Society        Allograft Rejection."

 

11/22/96                Washington, DC                           "Sex and the Origins of Death"

                              Smithsonian Institution

 

1/29/97                  New York City                             "Sex and the Origins of death"

                              American Museum of Natural

                              History

 

3/27/97                  Rehovot, Israel                              "The Role of Cytotoxic Pathways

                              Weizmann Institute of Science     in Allograft Rejection"

 

8/30/97                  Davis, CA                                     "Sex and the Origins of Death"

                              German-US Aging Workshop

 

9/30/97                  Sion, Switzerland                          "Life and Death in Evolution"

                              Emergence Workshop

 

10/17/97                Toulouse, France                          "Sex and the Origins of Death"

                              Human Genetics Institute

                              (CNRS-Purpan)

 

2/9/98                    Los Angeles, CA                           "Evolution of Senescence and Death"

                              UCLA Gerontology Research

                                                Group

 

10/7/98                  Los Angeles City Library             "The Baltimore Case" (moderator)

 

12/8/99                  Institute for Theoretical                "Sex and the Origins of Death"

                                    Physics, UCSB

 

12/15/99                Medicine for the New                   "Cell & Molecular Basis of Aging"

                                    Millennium, Las Vegas

 

6/16/00                  Evolution Club, UCLA                 "Sex and the Origins of Death"

 

4/2/01                    Behavior, Evolution and Culture

                              Discussion Group, UCLA             "Sex and the Origins of Death"

 

9/13/01                  Plato Society, Los Angeles           "Are We Hardwired?"

 

4/17/04            Bowen Center, Georgetown             "The Immune System and Disease"

Books and Monographs

Berke, G. and W. R. Clark. 2005. Killer Lymphocytes. Elsevier, In Press

Clark, W.R, and M. Grunstein. 2000. Are We Hardwired: The Role of Genes in Human Behavior. Oxford University Press, New York.

Clark, W. R. 1999. A Means to an End: The Biological Basis of Aging and Death. Oxford University Press, New York.

Clark, W. R. 1997. The New Healers: The Promise and Problems of Molecular Medicine in the Twenty-first Century. Oxford University Press, New York.

Clark, W.R. Sex and the Origin of Death. 1996. Oxford University Press, New York.

Clark, W.R. 1995. At War Within: The Double-Edged Sword of Immunity. Oxford University Press, New York.

Clark, W.R. 1990. The Experimental Foundations of Modern Immunology. John Wiley and Sons, New York. (Fourth Edition.)

Clark, W.R. 1986. The Experimental Foundations of Modern Immunology. John Wiley and Sons, New York. (Third Edition.)

Clark, W.R. 1983. The Experimental Foundations of Modern Immunology. John Wiley and Sons, New York. (Second Edition.)

Clark, W.R. 1980. The Experimental Foundations of Modern Immunology. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

Clark, W.R. and Golstein, P. (Eds.) 1982. Mechanisms of Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity. Advances in Experimental Biology and Medicine, Vol. 146. Plenum Press, New York, 1982.

Clark, W.R. (Editor). Prevention of Rejection of Transplanted Pancreas or Islets. Diabetes 31/Suppl. 1 (1982).

RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS

1.  Rutter, W.J., Ball, W.D., Bradshaw, W.S., Clark, W.R., and Sanders, T.G.  Morphological and molecular analogy in cytodifferentiation.  In Secretory Mechanisms of Salivary Glands, L.H. Schneyer and C.A. Schneyer, Eds., Academic Press, New York, pp. 238-253 (1967).

 

     2.  Rutter, W.J., Ball, W.D., Bradshaw, W.S., Clark, W.R., and Sanders, T.G.  Levels of regulation in cytodifferentiation.  In Experimental Biology and Medicine, Vol. I., S. Karger, Basel/New York, pp. 110-124 (1967).

 

3.  Rutter, W.J., Clark, W.R., Kemp, J.D., Bradshaw, W.S., Sanders, T.G., and Ball, W.D. Multiphasic regulation in cytodifferentiation.  In Epithelial-Mesenchymal Interactions. Raul Fleischmajor and R.E. Billingham, Eds., Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp. 114-131 (1968).

 

4.  Rutter, W.J., Kemp, J.D., Bradshaw, W.S., Clark, W.R., Ronzio, R.A., and Sanders, T.G. Regulation of specific protein synthesis in cytodifferentiation.  Journal of Cellular Physiology   72:1-18 (1968).

 

 5. Berke, G., Clark, W.R., Altman, A., and Feldman, M.  Comparative study of in vivo and in vitro heterograft reactions.  Israel Journal of Medical Sciences   6:454 (1970).

 

 6. Lonai, P., Clark, W.R., and Feldman, M.  Participation of th-bearing cell in an in vitro assay of transplantation immunity.  Nature   229:566-567 (1971).

 

 7. Clark, W.R., Berke, G., Feldman, M., and Sarid, S.  Macromolecular synthesis during the sensitization of rat lymphocytes on mouse fibroblasts in vitro.  Immunochemistry   8:487-498 (1971).

 

 8. Berke, G., Clark, W.R., and Feldman, M.  In vitro induction of a heterograft reaction. Immunological parameters of the sensitization of rat lymphocytes against mouse cells in vitro.  Transplantation   12:237-248 (1971).

 

 9. Clark, W., and Kimura, A.  Immunoreactivity in a cellular immune reaction of lymphocytes preabsorbed on cell monolayers.  Nature New Biology   235:236-238 (1972).

 

10. Pictet, R.L., Clark, W.R., Williams, R.H., and Rutter, W.J.  An ultrastructural analysis of the developing embryonic pancreas.  Developmental Biology   29:436-467 (1972).

 

11. Clark, W.R., and Rutter, W.J.  Synthesis and accumulation of insulin in the fetal rat pancreas.  Developmental Biology   29:468-481 (1972).

 

12. Blachman, U., Clark, W.R., and Pickett, M.J.  Radiobacteriolysis: A new technique using chromium-51 for assaying anti-vibrio cholerae antibodies.  Infection and Immunity   7:53-61 (1973).

 

13. Clark, W.R., and Kimura, A.K.  Effect of monolayer fractionation of lymphocytes on graft-versus-host reactivity.  Transplantation   16:110-116 (1973).

 

14. Clark, W., and Nedrud, J.  Effect of BUdR on proliferation and development of cytotoxicity in mixed leukocyte culture.  Cellular Immunology   10:159-164 (1974).

 

15. Kimura, A.K., and Clark, W.R.  Functional characteristics of T cell receptors during sensitization against histocompatibility antigens in vitro.  Cellular Immunology   12:127-139 (1974).

 

16. Brown, J., Molnar, I.G., Clark, W., and Mullen, Y.  Control of experimental diabetes mellitus in rats by transplantation of fetal pancreases.  Science   184:1377-1379 (1974).

 

17. Clark, W.R.  An antigen-specific component of lectin-mediated cytotoxicity.  Cellular Immunology   17:505-516 (1975).

 

18. Nedrud, J., Touton, M., and Clark, W.R.  The requirement for DNA synthesis and gene expression in the generation of cytotoxicity in vitro.  Journal of Experimental Medicine   142:960-972 (1975).

 

19. Clark, W., Nedrud, J., Touton, M., and Knoeber, L.  Early events in the generation of antigen-specific cytotoxicity in MLC.  Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 66:355-360 (1975).

20. Brown, J., Clark, W.R., Molnar, I.G., and Mullen, Y.S.  Fetal pancreas transplantation for reversal of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats.  Diabetes   25:56-64 (1976).

 

21. Heininger, D., Touton, M., Chakravarty, A.K., and Clark W.R.  Activation of cytotoxic function in T lymphocytes.  Journal of Immunology   117:2175-2180 (1976).

 

22. Mullen, Y.S., Clark, W.R., Molnar, I.G., and Brown, J.  Complete reversal of experimental diabetes mellitus in rats by a single fetal pancreas.  Science   195:68-70 (1977).

 

23. Knoeber, L.L., and Clark, W.  Temporal requirement for antigen in primary and secondary MLC reactions.  Transplantation   24:10-15 (1977).

 

24. Kemp, J.A., Mazur, P., Mullen, Y., Miller, R.H., Clark, W., and Brown, J.  Reversal of experimental diabetes by fetal rat pancreas. I. Survival and function of fetal rat pancreas frozen to -196EC.  Transplantation Proceedings   9:325-328 (1977).

 

25. Mullen, Y., Clark, W.R., Kemp, J., Molnar, I.G., and Brown, J.  Reversal of experimental diabetes by fetal rat pancreas. II. Critical procedures for transplantation. Transplantation Proceedings   9:329-332 (1977).

 

26. Chakravarty, A.K., and Clark, W.R.  Lectin-driven maturation of cytotoxic effector cells:  The nature of effector memory.  Journal of Experimental Medicine   146:230-240 (1977).

 

27. Clark, W.R., Heininger, D., Touton, M., and Chakravarty, A.K.  Regeneration of effector function in vitro. Proceedings of the 11th Leukocyte Culture Conference, pp. 650-652 (1977).

28. Brown, J., Clark, W., Molnar, I.G., Kemp, J., Mazur, P., and Mullen, Y.S.  Functional capacity and cryopreservation of fetal rat pancreas in streptozotocin-diabetes.  In Proceedings of the 9th Congress of International Diabetes, FEBS. J.S. Bajaj, Ed., Excerpta Medica, pp. 167-175 (1977).

29. Thoma, J.A., Touton, M.H., and Clark, W.R.  Interpretation of 51Cr-release data:  A kinetic analysis.  Journal of Immunology   120:991-997 (1978).

 

30. Kedar, E., Clark, W.R., and Bonavida, B.  In vivo and in vitro induction of cytotoxic lymphocytes by alloantigen-reactive lymphocytes fractionated on spleen cell monolayers.  Transplantation   25:146-151 (1978).

 

31. Touton, M.H., and Clark, W.R.  Progressive changes in cytotoxic potential during mixed lymphocyte culture.  Journal of Immunology   120:1537-1543 (1978).

 

32. Mandel, G., Shimizu, S., Gill, R., and Clark, W.  Alteration of the fatty acid composition of membrane phospholipids in mouse lymphoid cells.  Journal of Immunology   120:1631-1636 (1978).

 

33. Mandel, G., and Clark, W.  Functional properties of EL-4 tumor cells with lipid-altered membranes.  Journal of Immunology   120:1637-1643 (1978).

 

34. Clark, W.R.  Ontogeny of T cell function: Generation of cytotoxic function in T cells as a model for terminal cell differentiation.  Development and Comparative Immunology   2:393-408 (1978).

 

35. Kemp, J.A., Mullen, Y., Weisman, H., Heininger, D., Brown, J., and Clark, W.R. Reversal of diabetes in rats using fetal pancreases stored at -196EC.  Transplantation   26:260-264 (1978).

 

36. Thoma, J.A., Thoma, G.J., and Clark, W.  The efficiency and linearity of the radiochromium release assay for cell-mediated cytotoxicity.  Cellular Immunology   40:404-418 (1978).

 

37. Brown, J., Clark, W.R., Makoff, R.K., Weisman, H., Kemp, J.A., and Mullen, Y. Pancreas transplantation for diabetes mellitus.  Annals of Internal Medicine   89:951-965 (1978).

 

38. Clark, W., and Gill, R.  Effect of membrane lipid composition on immune cells function.  In Twelfth International Leukocyte Culture Conference. M. Quastel, Ed., Academic Press, New York, pp. 613-619 (1979).

39. Hurt, S.N., Berke, G., and Clark, W.  A rapid method for generating cytotoxic effector cells in vivo.   Journal of Immunological Methods   28:321-329 (1979).

 

40. Smith, B.A., Clark, W.R., and McConnell, H.M.  Anisotropic molecular motion on cell surfaces.  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA   76:5641-5644 (1979).

 

41. Brown, J., Mullen, Y., Clark, W.R., Molnar, I.G., and Heininger, D.  Importance of hepatic portal circulation for insulin action in streptozotocin-diabetic rats transplanted with fetal pancreases.  Journal of Clinical Investigation   64:1688-1694 (1979).

 

42. Brown, J., Kemp, J.A., Hurt, S., and Clark, W.R.  Cryopreservation of human fetal pancreas.  Diabetes  29:70-73 (1980).

43. Gill, R., and Clark, W.  Membrane structure-function relationships in cell-mediated cytolysis. I. Effect of exogenously incorporated fatty acids on effector cell function in cell-mediated cytolysis.  Journal of Immunology   125:689-695 (1980).

 

44. Kemp, J.A., Hurt, S.N., Brown, J., and Clark, W.R.  Recovery and function of human fetal pancreas frozen to -196EC.  Transplantation   32:10-15 (1981).

 

45. McVey, E., Yguerabide, J., Hanson, D.C., and Clark, W.R.  The relationship between plasma membrane lipid composition and physical-chemical properties. I. fluorescence polarization studies of fatty acid-altered EL-4 tumor cell membranes.  Biochimica et Biophysica Acta   642:106-118 (1981).

 

46. Berke, G., Hu, V., McVey, E., and Clark, W.R.  T-Lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis. I. A common mechanism for target recognition in specific and lectin-dependent cytolysis. Journal of Immunology   127:776-781 (1981).

 

47. Berke, G., McVey, E., Hu, V., and Clark, W.R.  T lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis. II. Role of target cell histocompatibility antigens in recognition and lysis.  Journal of Imunology   127:782-787 (1981).

 

48. Hu, V., and Clark, W.R.  The role of major histocompatibility complex proteins in the generation and expression of cell-mediated cytotoxicity.  In Developmental Immunology: Clinical Problems and Aging. E. Cooper, Ed., Academic Press, pp. 263-268 (1982).

49. Berke, G., Hu, V., McVey, E., and Clark, W.  A common role for target cell histocompatibility antigens in both nonspecific and specific T lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis.  Journal of Cellular Biochemistry   18:337-349 (1982).

50. Berke, G., and Clark, W.  How cytotoxic T lymphocytes lyse target cells:  A Theory. In Mechanisms of Lymphocyte Activation/Proceedings of the 14th International Leukocyte Conference. K. Resch and H. Kirchner, Eds., Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, pp. 439-441 (1981).

51. Poon, R., Richards, J.M., and Clark, W.R.  The relationship between plasma membrane lipid composition and physical-chemical properties. II. Effect of phospholipid fatty acid modulation on plasma membrane physical properties and enzymatic activities.  Biochimica et Biophysica Acta   649:58-66 (1981).

 

52. Berke, G., and Clark, W.R.  T lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis - A comprehensive theory. I. The mechanism of CTL-mediated cytolysis.  Advances in Experimental Biology and Medicine   146:57-68 (1982).

 

53. Clark, W.R., and Berke, G.  T lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis - a comprehensive theory. II. Lytic vs. nonlytic interactions of T lymphocytes.  Advances in Experimental Biology and Medicine   146:69-73 (1982).

 

54. Poon, R., and Clark, W.R.  The relationship between plasma membrane lipid composition and physical-chemical properties. III. Detailed physical and biochemical analysis of fatty acid-substituted EL-4 plasma membrane.  Biochimica et Biophysica Acta   689:230-240 (1982).

 

55. Makoff, R.K., Brown, J., Mullen, Y., and Clark, W.R.  Normalization of six key hepatic enzymes after fetal pancreas transplantation in diabetic rats.  Diabetes   32:730-733 (1983).

 

56. Danilovs, J.A., Brown, J., Terasaki, P.I., and Clark, W.R.  HLA-DR and HLA-A,B,C typing of human fetal tissue.  Tissue Antigens   21:296-308 (1983).

 

57. Bialick, R., Gill, R., Berke, G., and Clark, W.R.  Modulation of cell-mediated cytotoxicity function after alteration of fatty acid composition in vitro.  Journal of Immunology  132:81-87 (1984).

58. Brown, J., Danilovs, J.A., Clark, W.R., and Mullen, Y.S.  Fetal pancreas as a donor organ.  World Journal of Surgery   8:152-157 (1984).

 

59. Kane, K., and Clark, W.R.  The role of class I MHC products in polyclonal activation of CTL function.  Journal of Immunology   133:2857-2863 (1984).

 

60. Brown, J., Clark, W.R., Danilovs, J.A., and Mullen, Y.S.  Cryopreservation of the fetal pancreas.  In Methods in Diabetes Research, Vol. I. J. Larner and S.L. Pohl, Eds., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., pp. 317-324 (1984).

 

61. Brunet, J.-F., Dosseto, M., Denizot, F., Mattei, M.-G., Clark, W.R., Haqqi, T.M., Ferrier, P., Nabholz, M., Schmitt-Verhulst, A.-M., Luciani, M.-F., and Golstein, P.  The inducible cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated gene transcript CTLA-1 sequence and gene localization to mouse chromosome 14.  Nature   322:268-271 (1986).

 

62.Torbett, B.E., Skidmore, B., and Clark, W.R.  Multiple pathways for antigen-independent activation of a T helper hybridoma.  European Journal of Immunology   16:933-938 (1986).

 

63. Kane, K.P., and Clark, W.R.  Class I MHC antigens in the generation and expression of promiscuous cytotoxic cell function.  Journal of Immunology   137:3080-3086 (1986).

 

64. Gorman, K.C., Kane, K.P., and Clark, W.R.  Target cell recognition structures in LDCC and ODCC.  Journal of Immunology   138:1014-1019 (1987).

 

65. Blakely, A., Gorman, K.C., Ostergaard, H., Svoboda, K., Liu, C.-C., Young, J. D.-E., and Clark, W.R.  Resistance of cloned cytotoxic T lymphocytes to cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Journal of Experimental Medicine   166:1070-1083 (1987).

 

66. Shiogama, T., Mullen, Y., Klandors, H., Terada, M., and Clark, W.R.  An improved cryopreservation procedure for human fetal pancreas tissues.  Transplantation   44:602-607 (1987).

 

67. Ostergaard, H., and Clark, W.R.  The role of Ca2+ in activation of mature cytotoxic T lymphocytes for lysis.  Journal of Immunology   139:3573-3579 (1987).

 

68. Ostergaard, H.L., Kane, K.P., Mescher, M.F., and Clark, W.R.  Cytotoxic T lymphocyte- mediated lysis without release of serine esterase.  Nature   330:71-72 (1987).

 

69.  Brunet, J.-F., Denizot, F., Dosseto, M., Suzan, M., Clark, W.R., Haqqi, T.M., Luciani, M.-F., and Golstein, P.  A molecular biology approach to the mechanism of T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity.  Ann. De LÕInst. Pasteur/Immunology   138:331-336 (1987)

 

70.  Young, J.D.-E., Clark, W.R., Liu, C.-C., and Cohn, Z.A.  A calcium- and perforin-independent pathway of killing mediated by murine cytolytic lymphocytes.  Journal of Experimental Medicine  166:1894-1899 (1987).

 

71.  Gorman, K., Liu, C.-C., Blakely, A., Young, J. D.-E., Torbett, B.E, and Clark W.R.  Cloned cytotoxic T lymphocytes as target cells. II. Polarity of lysis revisited.  Journal of Immunology   141:2211-2215 (1988).

 

72.  Ostergaard, H., Gorman, K., and Clark, W.R.  Cloned cytotoxic T lymphocyte target cells fail to induce early activation events in effector cytotoxic T lymphocytes.  Cellular Immunology   114:188-197 (1988).

 

73.  Torbett, B.E, and Clark, W.R.  The role of accessory molecules in T-helper activation induced by antigen, lectin or CD3 antibodies.  Cellular Immunology   115:352-362 (1988).

 

74.  Clark, W.R.  Perforin - a primary or auxilliary lytic mechanism?  Immunology Today   9:101-104 (1988).

 

75.  Clark, W., Ostergaard, H., Gorman, K., and Torbett, B.  Molecular mechanisms of CTL-mediated lysis: a cellular perspective.  Immunological Reviews   103:37-51 (1988).

 

76.  Ostergaard H.L., and Clark, W.R.  Evidence for Multiple Lytic Pathways Used by Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes.  Journal of Immunology   143:2120-2126 (1989).

 

77.  Redei, E., Clark, W. R., and McGivern, R. F.  Alcohol exposure in utero results in diminished T-cell function and alterations in brain corticotropin-releasing factor and ACTH content.  Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research   13:439-443 (1989).

 

78. Joag, S.V., Liu, C.-C., Kwon, B.S., Clark, W.R., and Young, J.D.-E.  Expression of  mRNAs for pore-forming protein and two serine esterases in murine primary and cloned effector lymphocytes.  Journal of Cell Biochemistry   43:81-88 (1990).

 

79. Soon-Shiong, P., Lu, Z.N., Grewal, I., Lanza, R.P., and Clark, W.  An in vitro method of assessing the immunoprotective properties of microcapsule membranes using pancreatic and tumor cell targets.  Transplantation Proceedings   22:754-755 (1990).

 

80. Ratner, A., and Clark, W.R.  Lack of target cell participation in cytotoxic T lymphocyte-mediated lysis.  Journal of Immunology   147:55-59 (1991).

 

81. Clark, W.R.  Prevention of anesthesia-induced immunosuppression: A novel strategy involving interferons.  Anesthesiology   78:627-628 (1992).

 

82. Ratner, A., and Clark, W.R.  Role of TNF-a in acute CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocyte-mediated lysis.  Journal of Immunology   150:4303-4314 (1993).

 

83. Kim, K-K., Blakely, A., Zhou, Z., Davis, J., Clark, W., and Kwon, B.S.  Changes in the level of perforin and its transcript during effector and target cell interactions.  Immunological Letters   36:161-170 (1993). 

 

84. Clark, W.R. and Ratner, A.  Multiple lytic pathways in cytotoxic T lymphocyte.  In Cytotoxic Cells: Recognition, Effector Function, Generation, and Methods, Sitkovsky, M.V., and Henkart, P.A. eds., Chapter. 16, pp.178-189 (1993).

 

85. Clark, W.R.  The hole truth about perforin.  Nature   369:16-17 (1994).

 

86. Walsh, C.M., Glass, A.A., Chiu, V., and Clark, W.R.  The role of the fas lytic pathway in a perforin-less CTL hybridoma.  Journal of Immunology   153:2506-2514 (1994).

 

87. Walsh, C.M., Matloubian, M., Liu, C.-C., Ueda, R., Kurahara, C.G., Christensen, J.L., Huang, M.T.F., Young, J.D.-E, Ahmed, R. and Clark, W.R.  Immune function in mice lacking the perforin gene.  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA   91:10854-10858 (1994).

 

88. Chiu, V.K., Walsh, C.M., Lui, C.-C., and Clark, W.R.  bcl-2 blocks degranulation- but not fas-based cell-mediated cytotoxicity.  Journal of Immunology   154:2023-2032 (1995).

 

89. Clark, W.R., Walsh, C.M., Glass, A.A., Huang, M.T.F., Ahmed, R., and Matloubian, M.  Cell-mediated cytotoxicity in perforin-less mice.  International Reviews of Immunology  13:1-14 (1995).

 

90. Liu, C.-C., Walsh, C.M., Eto, N., Clark, W.R., and Young, J.D.-E.  Morphological and functional characterization of perforin-deficient lymphokine activated killer cells.  Journal of Immunology   155:602-608 (1995).

 

91. Clark, W.R., Walsh, C.M., Glass, A.A., Hayashi, F., Matloubian, M., and Ahmed, R. Molecular pathways of CTL-mediated cytotoxicity.  Immunological Reviews   146:33-44 (1995).

 

92. Clark, W.R, Walsh, C.M., Matloubian, M., Glass, A., Hayashi, F., and Ahmed, R.  Mechanisms of CTL-Mediated Cytotoxicity.  Seminars in Virology   7:113-116 (1996).

 

93. Walsh, C.M., Hayashi, F., Saffron, D.C., Ju, S.-T., Berke, G., and Clark, W.R.  Cell-mediated cytotoxicity results from, but may not be critical for, primary allograft rejection.  Journal of Immunology   156:1436-1441 (1996).

 

94. Glass, A.A., Walsh, C.M., Lynch, D., and Clark, W.R.  Regulation of the fas lytic pathway in cloned cytotoxic T lymphocytes.  Journal of Immunology   156:3638-3644 (1996).

 

95. Li, J., D. Rosen, D. Ronen, C. Behrens, P. Krammer, W. Clark and G. Berke.

The regulation of CD95 ligand expression and function in CTL. Journal of Immunology

161:3943 (1998).

 

96. Jensen, E., Glass, A., Clark, W., Wing, E., Miller, J., Gregory, S. 1998. Fas (CD95)-

dependent cell-mediated immunity to Listeria monocytogenes. Infection and Immunity

66:4143

 

     97. Matloubian, M., M. Suresh, A. Glass, M. Galvan, K. Chow, J.

     Whitmore, C.

Walsh, Clark, W.R., and Ahmed, R. A role for perforin in downregulating T- cell responses during chronic viral infection. Journal of Virology 73:2527 (1999)

 

     98. Berke, G. and W. Clark. 2004. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes: Mechanism of action

     and role in allograft rejection. In, Immunology of Organ Transplantation. D. Wilkes and W. Burlingham, eds. Kluwer Academic, Amsterdam.

 

     99. Clark, W. 2004. Reflections on an unsolved problem in biology: the evolution of senescence and death. Advances in Gerontology 14:7

 


PUBLISHED ABSTRACTS